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1)  Ying Yi Style
硬译体
1.
Ying Yi Style in Mongolian and Chinese(a special style of translation in which Mongolian and Chinese and their grammars are integrated together) is called generally "the vernacular Chinese in Yuan Dynasty" or "literal translation style" in the academic field.
蒙元硬译体是将蒙汉两种语言及语法夹杂到一起的特殊翻译体例,学术界通称为“元代白话”,或是“直译体”。
2)  stiff translation style of Mongolia-Yuan Dynasty
蒙元硬译体
1.
in the stiff translation style of Mongolia-Yuan Dynasty on the translation of Mongolian Secret History,coming to the conclusion that stiff translation style of Mongolia-Yuan Dynasty affected the translation of Mongolian .
蒙元硬译体是夹杂蒙汉两种语言与语法的特殊翻译体例,学术界统称为“元代白话”。
3)  rigid translation
硬译
1.
Therefore, with the help of the theories of“domestication”and“foreignization”, the polysystem and the skopos theory, the author will unveil the deep social reasons for and the inner motives of Lu Xun’s“literal translation”and“rigid translation”by thorough analysis of them in this thesis, so that we can make a just and impartial appraisal of.
本文旨在通过对鲁迅的“直译”乃至“硬译”的深入分析,结合有关“归化”与“异化”的理论、多元系统论和目的论的理论,揭示决定鲁迅“直译”甚至“硬译”的深刻社会根源和个人目的,使我们能够对鲁迅的翻译做出公正的评价,即,在当时历史条件下,鲁迅“直译”的社会必然性;从而进一步揭示翻译标准所具有的社会性及其动态性品质,以及由此决定的翻译标准多元化的表现,以期给我们对翻译标准的建设提供一种启示。
4)  stiff translation
硬译
1.
Their argument centered on several problems concerned with stiff translation and the Europeanization of Chinese grammar,during which the principle of translation has been an important component of modern translation theory.
20世纪二、三十年代,鲁迅和梁实秋就翻译的性质有过一场激烈的争论,争论的核心是硬译和汉语文法欧化等几个问题。
2.
The author maintains that this problem is caused by "yingyi" (literally means stiff translation), which may be intentional or unintentional.
作者认为 ,导致这一问题的主要原因是“硬译”。
5)  hardening translation
硬化翻译
6)  hardware [英]['hɑ:dweə(r)]  [美]['hɑrd'wɛr]
硬体;硬件
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