The results were as follows:(1) English phonological awareness and rapid naming speed had an important influence on English vocabulary reading skills;(2) proficiency in Chinese pinyin indirectly influenced the reading skills through English phonological awareness;(3) letter-sound knowledge directly influenced the reading skills,and English phonological awareness indirectly influenced it.

We can deduce from the transcription in Chinese,English and Korean documents that Manchu vowel characters o is pronounced as o in phonemic consideration with two variants o and AU,while ū is read as ■,with three variants ■,AU and ū.