1) seaborne commerce of average citizens
民间海上贸易
2) non-government trade at sea
海上民间贸易
1.
The merchants who participated in the Sino-Siam non-government trade at sea were composed of overseas Chinese merchants,maritime merchants and foreign merchants.
在 19世纪 ,从事中暹海上民间贸易的商人由侨商、海商和外商组成 ,其资本经营方式有自船自营型、合资型等类型 ,并体现出分散性和家族性的特点 ;商品结构主要是一些农副产品和日用生活必需品 ;商品的交易过程包括收购、贮存、运输、销售和结算等环节。
3) The folk overseas trade
民间海外贸易
1.
The folk overseas trade is subject to government\'s severe restrictions and exploits in the Ming Dynasty,so its development is very difficult.
明代,民间海外贸易受到政府的严厉限制和盘剥,发展举步维艰。
4) maritime trade
海上贸易
1.
Ways of financing maritime trade in ancient Greece;
古希腊海上贸易融资形式
2.
Influenced by the western culture,Min merchants are good at maritime trades and had once been one of the top ten business bands of China.
闽人受西风熏染较早,自古善于海上贸易,曾一度成为中国的十大商帮之一。
3.
This dissertation examines and analyses the development and evolution of Macao's maritime trade during the 16th and the mid 18th centuries in three periods, and makes conclusions as follows:1) The prosperity of Macao's maritime trade lasted from the 1580s to the 1620s; it was closely linked to the lo.
本文分三个阶段考察16世纪至18世纪中期澳门海上贸易的发展与演变，得出如下结论：1)澳门海上贸易的繁荣由16世纪80年代持续到17世纪20年代末，它与中国对外贸易发展的畸形格局、东亚主要国家历史发展对海外贸易的特殊需求以及西欧国家在东方的竞争态势有着密切的关系。
5) trade in Shanghai
上海贸易
6) nongovernmental trade
民间贸易
1.
Thoughts on Sino-Russian Nongovernmental Trade While Concerning the Grey Customs Clearance Policy;
由灰色清关引发的中俄民间贸易的思考
2.
In the North Song Dynasty, with the development in economy, shipbuilding, shipping and the change of political situations in surrounding regions, Mingzhou became a major port in the nongovernmental trade between the North Song and Korea.
北宋建立后,随着明州地区经济的发展,造船与航海技术的进步及受周边复杂的政治环境的影响,明州成为宋丽间民间贸易往来的主要港口;在宋丽民间互通有无的贸易交往过程中,明州港有着举足轻重的地位。
3.
But the nongovernmental trade was still thriving.
1 7世纪 ,中日两国分别实行了闭关锁国的外交政策 ,两国的官方贸易完全停滞 ,但民间贸易却兴盛不衰 ,其中的原因是多方面的 ,主要是锁国政策与中国区域社会利益的矛盾 ,中国东南地区商品经济发展对市场的需求以及日本江户幕府对中国商船去日贸易的鼓励等。
补充资料：对外贸易和国际贸易
对外贸易和国际贸易：国家之间的商品交换活动，从一国来看便是对外贸易，从国际范围或世界范围看，则是国际贸易或世界贸易，国际贸易是世界各国的对外贸易的总称。
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。
参考词条