It is commonly accepted that for fcc metals of low to medium stacking fault energy metals,including Ni and many Ni-alloys,the most important CSL boundary for the GBE process is a∑3 boundary,the occurrence of which is dominated by the formation of annealing twins.

The relationship between damage cavity density and percent composition of ∑3 sub-grain boundary structure in material was determined and the predicted result were validated.

Dynamic process simulation of solute grain boundary segregation;

Methodological probe into grain boundary etching of molybdenum disilicide based materials;