This paper,therefore,provides a new perspective into the study on the evolution of YOU and HAVE as perfective markers,in which the pragmatic factors are highly focused.

The aspectual meaning of a sentence involves its lexical meaning and grammatical constructions (such as the English progressive and perfect).

By analyzing the special usages of “laizhe” in a Manchu-Chinese textbook named Qingwen Qimeng, the author considers “laizhe” as a perfect marker which is deeply influenced by several Manchu forms of past tense co-indicating some aspectual meanings.

The use of sentence-final le to express the future goes through two stages of developments: 1) the addition of t he use to express future perfect to its use of marking present perfect and past perfect; 2) the total loss of time adverbs in future perfect which used to make optional appearance.

This paper conducts a diachronic research on the sentence-final le and verb-final le with the application of the distinction of the perfect aspect from the perfective aspect in typology, and traces the change in the use of le from Zutangji to Sanchao Beimeng Huibian.

The perfect aspects of many languages are grammaticalized from possession verbs, which is motivated by human cognition.

The aspects of Miao are generalized into two major categories:perfect aspect and imperfect aspect.