1) observing sth but not directly involved in it
旁观;不直接参与
2) direct participation
直接参与
1.
In the 70s of the 20th century,the democratic spirit infiltrated into the domain of public administration,which was embodied in the way of citizens direct participation into the public administration sphere to supplement the lost legitimacy of liberal democracy construction.
20世纪70年代,民主渗透到行政领域,集中表现为公民对公共行政的直接参与,它有效弥补了自由主义民主建制合法性的流失。
3) Direct Equity Market Participation Rate
直接参与率
4) Direct Clearing Participant (DCP)
直接结算参与者
5) The Special Opinion from Looking on the Mainstream
旁观与偏见
6) visualization in participatory planning
直观式参与性规划
补充资料：旁观
指置身事外，在一旁观察：袖手旁观｜当局者迷，旁观者清。
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。
参考词条