Cause is the essential conception of the casue theory in German Law:the cause of the causal behavior ,which has been useless when judging the effectiveness of the legal behavior,has been absorbed into the effective meaning of the theory of meaning expression; abstract behavior has an internal cause that is its effective meaning and an external cause that is a fundamental behavior.

Investigation on the Scratching Behaviors of CuZnAl Shape Memory Alloy;

Scratch Test of UHMWPE Composites Filled with Natural Coral Powder;

Modeling and Simulation of Scratches during the Process of Ultra-Precision Plane Grinding;

Prevention approach and measures for scratching defect of hot rolled small round bar;

A new technology about infrared laser scratching technique is p roposed in the article, which relates to two key problems: the laser scratching mechanism and the diagnosis technology for the bonding state of the film-substr a te interface.