The method is based on a genetic model containing both the direct effects and maternal effects of an endosperm QTL and on an experimental de-sign termed two-stage hierarchical design,in which the trait information is obtained from F3 endosperms and molecular marker information is obtained from F2 plants and F3 embryos(plants).

This paper introduced the development of the concept of maternal effect and the factors of nutrition and non-nutrition which influenced its performance.

The maternal effects and gene effects on body weights at birth (BWB), 20 days of age (BW20) and 60 days of age (BW60) in pigs were estimated by least square multiple regression procedure, using group least square means of Erhualian (EHL), Large White (LW) and their F 1, F 2 and backcross (to LW pigs) (8 groups of animals in total).

Maternal Effect on Sensitivity of Embryo to ABA and Grain Dormancy in Wheat;

In this review, we survey the growing literature on maternal effects with emphasis on the following aspects.