Microsurgical anatomy and clinical study of the far-lateral transcondylar approach to remove tumors situated at lower clivus and ventral to foramen magnum;

objective Based on the measurements of skulls and quantitative analysis of correlated anatomical structure, to provide scientific basis for the selection of operative approach to lower clivus and ventral foramen magnum (FM).

Comparison of two methods of inferior oblique muscle exposure;

Methods Four methods were performed to correct V-strabisms with primary inferior obliqued overation on 49 cases of V-strabisms with primary inferior obliqued overation: transportation of horizontal rectus insertion (Ⅰ) and (or) recession of single inferior oblique muscle transportation of horizontal rectus insertion (Ⅱ) and equity (Ⅲ) or unequity (Ⅳ) recession of bilateral inferior oblique muscle.

Objective To observe the morphologic changes and the different expression of activated satellite cells(SCs) in inferior oblique muscles (IOMs) which showed secondary overaction in paralytic hypertropia as well as IOMs in normals.

Clinical analysis inferior oblique muscle weakening for treatment of inferior oblique muscle overaction;