However, in translation, most translators either simply employ transliteration or replace the names with a succinct free translation, neither of which is close from enough in fully conveying the rich cultural and literary implications impregnated in the names.

The book "Man Wen Kao" (Study on Manchu Language),written by Cu Lai in the early 18th century, initiated the study on Chinese-Manchu transliteration.

This paper analyzes some E-C brand name and slogan translation and proposes four techniques for brand name translation: meaning translation, transliteration, acculturated transliteration and free translation.