1) merchant-officialize
商人官僚化
2) official-merchantize
官僚商人化
3) Bureaucracy trading
官僚经商
1.
Bureaucracy trading began in Wei and Jin Dynasties which rose in Tang and Song dynasties and at the peak of its development in Ming dynasty.
官僚经商现象,兴起于魏晋南北朝,兴盛于唐宋,至明朝,发展到了一个高峰。
4) scholar-bureaucrats
文人官僚
1.
As a city of a long history and culture,Beijing has always been abundant in scholar-bureaucrats who are typical dwellers of the city.
北京一向以文人官僚为城市居民的主体。
5) bureaucracy and intelligentsia
官僚士人
6) non-bureaucratization
非官僚化
补充资料：公理化方法(见公理化和形式化)
公理化方法(见公理化和形式化)
axiomatical method
gongllbuafangfa公理化方法化和形式化。(axiomatieal method)见公理
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。
参考词条