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1)  to know" and "what we know"
知与所知
1.
"To know" and "what we know" have priority to "don′t know" and "what we don′t know"; "don′t know" and "what we don′t know" are only special "to know" and "what we know".
知与所知”对“不知与所不知”具有优先地位,“不知与所不知”只不过是特殊的“知与所知”。
2)  the subject of knowledge and the object of knowledge
能知与所知
3)  "don't know" and "what we don't know"
不知与所不知
1.
Although we often speak of "don′t know" and "what we don′t know" in language practice, and we can say "to know" is defined relative to "don′t know", and "what we know" is transited from "what we don′t know", we cannot negate the fundamental viewpoint of knownology that all that we talk, study and deal with consciously is the known of us.
知与所知”对“不知与所不知”具有优先地位,“不知与所不知”只不过是特殊的“知与所知”。
4)  the known
所知
1.
On "‘The known is ‘What is to be known possibly’"——the essential of the controversy on "the known" between Mr.Liu Yongfu and Mr.Zhang Fan;
论“‘所知’是‘所可能知道的’”——兼评刘永富先生与张帆先生关于“所知”争鸣的实质
2.
Treating everything as "the known" and taking "I know something" as the starting point, the theory provides a systematic elaboration of the fundamental concepts and principles following the basic principle of "Knowing entails the known;the known entails something about an object;something about an object is established through activities of the knowledge holder.
“所知学”作为一种兼有学科和学派意义的原创性哲学理论,提供了一种考察问题的新的哲学视角。
5)  jianwen zhi zhi yu dexing suo zhi
见闻之知与德性所知
6)  knownology
所知学
1.
As an original theory,the discipline or school of knownology offers a new perspective for examining philosophical problems.
“所知学”作为一种兼有学科和学派意义的原创性哲学理论,提供了一种考察问题的新的哲学视角。
补充资料:见闻之知与德性所知
      中国北宋哲学家张载关于认识论的重要概念。见闻之知起于感官与外物的交接,是"耳目内外之合",即通过感官达到的主体与客体的统一;德性所知是"合内外于耳目之外",即不通过感官,而依赖心的作用达到的主体与客体的统一。孔子曾讲"多闻"、"多见"的重要,孟子提出"耳目之官不思,而蔽于物","心之官则思"的问题。《中庸》提出"尊德性而道问学",实际上把认识分成"德性"和"问学"两种,张载则进一步把知识分为见闻之知和德性所知两种,他说,"见闻之知,乃物交而知,非德性所知,德性所知,不萌于见闻"(《正蒙·大心》)。张载认为,见闻之知是人的认识所不可缺少的,"耳目不得则是木石,要他便合得内外之道,若不闻不见又何验?"但张载认为,见闻之知有局限:①见闻有限而物无限,"如只据己之闻见,所接几何, 安能尽天下之物?" ②见闻之知不能认识道,"耳不可闻道","闻见之善者,谓之学则可,谓之道则不可"。德性所知是关于"性与天道"和神化的认识。张载认为,关于神化的知识,是超智力、超思辨的,只有依靠道德的修养,发挥心的作用才能取得。他说:"穷神知化,乃养盛自致,非思勉之能强,故崇德而外,君子未或致知也"。德性所知,实质上是关于世界本质及其规律的认识。张载说:"圣人尽性,不以见闻梏其心,其视天下无一物非我。孟子谓尽心则知性知天,以此"。张载把认识分为两种,区别它们在认识过程中的不同作用,在认识论上有积极意义,但他断言德性所知"不萌于见闻",就陷入了唯心主义。
  
  张载关于两种知识的学说对宋明哲学影响很大。程颐说:"闻见之知,非德性之知。物交物则知之,非内也,今之所谓博物多能者是也。德性之知,不假见闻"。这一思想直接来源于张载的思想,不同的是,程颐明确提出,德性之知是"吾之所固有"的。朱熹则认为,张载的"德性所知","是说圣人尽情事",但就"为学"讲,闻见之知是重要的,要豁然贯通,下学上达,必须从闻见开始,达到对于"理"的认识。王廷相则批判了离闻见而别有德性之知的说法。王夫之接受了张载思想的影响,在肯定闻见之知的同时,又把"德性之知"说成是先验的道德知识,不萌于见闻,说:"德性诚有而自喻,如暗中自指其口鼻,不待镜而悉",认为德性之知靠内心的体认即能获得。
  

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