There are three obvious diachronic levels in the pronunciations of the ancient voiced initial consonants in Min dialects nowadays: the unvoiced aspirated level, the unvoiced unaspirated level and the voiced level.

It is found that adaptive perceptual training improved categorical perception of [pa] and [pha],and the effect transferred to the perception of [ta] and [tha],which indicates that perceptual training improves categorical perception of aspirated/unaspirated contrast as a whole.

Spectro-mode features of unaspirated consonants by speakers with cleft palate;