The components thought Sima Guang about how to administer a country as follow: qualified personnel thoughts; etiquette and ethics thoughts; democracy thoughts; national thoughts idealism emperors viewpoints.

It answers why the monarchical system is established, what kind of people could be the monarch and how to be a monarch.

Ethical politics is the core of the Confucian school; the outlook of the monarch and its subject is an important part in it.

Han Fei and Machiavelli have similarity and difference in their political inclination; the nature of man is evil, man tends to pursue interests and avoid harm; the monarch should use the hegemony strategy to consolidate his rule.