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1)  punishment system
惩戒机制
1.
The important reasons of lacking accounting credit are the imperfection of punishment system and the cost of keeping credit is higher than the cost of breaking credit by simplifying the mode of Greif,to set up and carry out the punishment system,which can protect the persons who keep credit and punish the persons who break credit,can make credit become the self-conscious behavior of accountants.
惩戒机制不健全,"守信成本"高于"失信成本"是我国会计诚信缺失的重要原因。
2)  mechanisms of penalty dishonesty
失信惩戒机制
1.
At present,dishonesty has become a serious problem in China One of the main reasons is that there is no mechanisms of penalty dishonesty.
本文对失信惩戒机制的基本内涵、功能以及构成要素进行了分析,并运用规范的经济学研究方法研究了失信惩戒机制运作的机理,最后对完善我国征信体系中的失信惩戒机制提出了一些建议和措施。
3)  collective discipline mechanism
集体惩戒机制
1.
This paper presents a mode of game between family business and the professional manager in which legal environment, characteristics of business s assets, lump-sum income out of the professional manager s betrayal, collective discipline mechanism, patience of the professional manager and uncertainty of agency are included as factors influencing the trust of the professional manager.
文章构建了家族企业与职业经理的博弈模型,将法律环境、企业资产的特性、职业经理背叛的一次性收益、集体惩戒机制、经理的耐心和代理关系的不确定性作为影响职业经理诚信的因素纳入模型。
4)  punishing and warning systems
惩戒制度
1.
However,because former research focusing on the monitoring systems and the severe punishments Zhu Yuanzhang had given to his officials in a long period,while the study of the punishing and warning systems of civilian officials was few.
明代文职官吏惩戒制度在有明一代政治生活中地位十分重要,它对明代吏治的整肃,社会矛盾的缓和,经济发展,政治稳定,都发挥了不可替代作用。
5)  law punish system for bad faith
失信法律惩戒机制
6)  Judge-punishment Mechanism
法官惩戒制
补充资料:磁耦合机制和沙兹曼机制
      解释太阳系角动量特殊分布的两种理论。太阳质量占太阳系总质量的99.8%以上,但其角动量(动量矩)却只占太阳系总角动量的1%左右,而质量仅占0.2%的行星和卫星等天体,它们的角动量却占99%左右。太阳系角动量的这种特殊分布,是太阳系起源研究中的一个重要问题。1942年,阿尔文提出一种"磁耦合机制"。他认为,太阳通过它的磁场的作用,把角动量转移给周围的电离云,从而使由后者凝聚成的行星具有很大的角动量。他假定原始太阳有很强的偶极磁场,其磁力线延伸到电离云并随太阳转动。电离质点只能绕磁力线作螺旋运动,并且被磁力线带动着随太阳转动,因而从太阳获得角动量。太阳因把角动量转移给电离云,自转遂变慢了。
  
  1962年,沙兹曼提出另一种通过磁场作用转移角动量的机制,称为沙兹曼机制。他认为,太阳(恒星)演化早期经历一个金牛座T型变星的时期,由于内部对流很强和自转较快,出现局部强磁场和比现今太阳耀斑强得多的磁活动,大规模地抛出带电粒子。这些粒子也随太阳磁场一起转动,直到抵达科里奥利力开始超过磁张力的临界距离处,它们一直从太阳获得角动量。由于临界距离达到恒星距离的量级,虽然抛出的物质只占太阳质量的很小一部分,但足以有效地把太阳的角动量转移走。沙兹曼也用此机制解释晚于F5型的恒星比早型星自转慢的观测事实。晚于F5型的恒星,都有很厚的对流区和很强的磁活动,通过抛出带电粒子转移掉角动量,自转因而变慢。然而早于F5型的恒星,没有很厚的对流区,没有损失角动量,因而自转较快。
  

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