This study focuses on sentential cataphora in narrative discourse.

The empty categories in English have the feature of intrasentential identifiability while the empty categories in Chinese are characteristic of a pragmatic tendency in referentiality in addition to the intrasentential referential identifiability.

Overt and verbalized responses can be divided into answers and replies.

This paper attempts to explore echo questions within the theoretical framework of cognitive grammar and belief-doubt hypothesis, aiming at making a reasonable and motivated explanation to the corresponding relationship between the form and meaning of echo questions and solving the problem how the syntactic feature symbolizes the semantic feature of echo questions.