One is the philosophy held by European colonists that humans are separated from nature and hold a predominant place;the other is the Indians ecological tradition and animistic belief which emphasizes the harmonious coexistence between nature and humans.

The common feature that the spirit belief of temple fairs in modern Shandong declined on whole has been reflected,regardless of the evolution tendency,the dedication to the gods,the distribution of believers or the belief orientation.

The thesis,focused on the Luesheng belief,studies the radiation process of folk supernatural belief,its influence and its relations with orthodox religion.