Statistical language model adaptation based on N-gram distribution;

An ontology backbone was captured with an extensible pattern set and a distributional semantic model to find the general relations between concepts using association rules, as well as to prune and merge candidate ontologies.

The statistics of voice distribution and front-weight sentence s use frequency from English abstracts in Chinese and foreign scientific and technical periodicals indicate that Chinese authors use passive voice and front-weight sentence more frequently than foreign authors, particularly those from English-speaking countries.