Students translation competence,according to the elements involved in the translation process and by the bi-directional epistemology,namely the macro-to-micro-to-macro one,falls into cognitive competence of translation ontology,manipulative command of translation objects,and initiative as translation subjects.

By conjoining a compromised Platonism with a two-tiered epistemology naturalistic realist Penelope Maddy tries to reconcile the contradiction between the traditional Platonism and the empiricist epistemology,so as to get out of the dilemma.

At the beginning of reform and opening up, a group of scholars represented by Professor Gao Qinghai claimed to understand Marxist philosophy from an epistemological perspective, starting an attempt to reform classical textbooks of philosophical principles, and achieving the epistemological turn in China s Marxist philosophy.