1) host sanctions
寄主惩罚
1.
The "host sanctions effect" predicts that the hosts punish partners that cheat by receiving benefits without paying for them.
为验证榕树与其传粉榕小蜂这一严格的、一对一的互利共生系统中是否存在寄主惩罚效应,作者于2007年在云南省西双版纳热带植物园中对雌雄同株的垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)进行了单果放蜂实验。
2) retributive theory
惩罚主义
1.
Generally there are two answers to the question:the retributive theory and utilitarianism.
对惩罚正义问题的回答一般有两种理论:惩罚主义和功利主义。
3) Punishment
[英]['pʌnɪʃmənt] [美]['pʌnɪʃmənt]
惩罚
1.
The Appliance of Punishment in Educational Environment;
试论学校教育情境中惩罚的运用
2.
The breakthrough of classical punishment ethics paradigm——from Plato to Seneca;
古典惩罚伦理学范式的突破——从柏拉图到塞涅卡
3.
Protection and Punishment: Choice of Criminal Policies against Juvenile Crimes;
保护与惩罚:未成年人犯罪刑事政策之选择
4) penalty
[英]['penəlti] [美]['pɛnḷtɪ]
惩罚
1.
Model Aad Algorithm for Reactive Power Optimization With Penalty;
带惩罚项的无功优化潮流模型与算法
2.
Love Education Cannot Leave the Penalty——Mentions from the phenomenon of Beijing Haidian Artistic Vocational School;
爱的教育离不开惩罚——从北京海淀艺职某现象说起
3.
The Functional Analysis of Encouragement and Penalty on Children s Socialization;
奖励与惩罚对儿童社会化的功能分析
5) punish
[英]['pʌnɪʃ] [美]['pʌnɪʃ]
惩罚
1.
Officials should take an open and firm stand against corruption;corrupted criminals should be strictly traced down,punished with heavier financial penalty,exposed in public and diminished politically.
抑制腐败行为的一大良策是加大各种惩罚力度。
2.
there are a series of rules and means about discipline and punish along with the normative education.
伴随着规范化教育的是一系列新的规训规则与惩罚手段。
3.
Summary of the essay: An important device for system performing its functions is to restrain or suppress certain violations by setting behavior responsibility and punishing.
制度发挥其功能中的一个重要装置,就是通过设定行为责任并处以惩罚来约束或制止某些违规行为。
6) chastisement n.
惩戒;惩罚
补充资料：惩罚
惩罚
punishment
惩罚(punishment)亦称“负强化物”，指在反应后出现的能够抑制那一反应的事物。学习心理学的研究表明，惩罚会使机体产生对罚的恐惧，从而可抑制人或动物去进行那些会带来惩罚的活动。动物实验经常用电击、强光等引起生理上痛苦的事物来作为惩罚。对人的惩罚可分成精神惩罚和物质惩罚。运用惩罚控制人的行为时，lJJ以对做某个反应进行惩罚，禁止人做某事;也可以对不做某个反应进行惩罚，督促人做某事。使用惩罚时要及时和强度适当。若不及时则其效果明显降低，甚至于没有影响;强度过高或过低会造成强化的对比效应。惩罚有一些副作用，会引起人的消极情绪，导致攻击性行为，使用时需要慎重。 (周国怕撰戚立夫审)
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。
参考词条