Constructing the concept lattice with traditional classification technology and the related definition of formal concept analysis; in this concept lattice, using the newly defined calculating rules——specialization reduction and heuristic rules to get the much complex mappings.

Formal method Designware and its specification refinement mechanism;

The concept of specification refinements based on problem theory,algorithm theory and program theory of Kestrel Institute of US is introduced.

The author examines this pattern from the following four aspects: the grammatical features of this pattern from the aspect of syntactic analysis;the negative meaning of this pattern from the aspect of conversational implicature;the pragmatic reasoning from the aspect of the cognitive theory and the conventionalization of this pat.

Factors influencing cultural prescription of English and Chinese metaphors include the regional differences, the value and feeling differences, and the religion and belief differences.