Universalism and the European Integration;

The religious root of universalism in American culture comes from Christian monotheism and Universalism.

Because of the adherence to universalism and lack of cultural self-consciousness,the discipline and the researchers of comparative education are frequently encountered with crisis of the identity.

The Stoicism’s mind such as natural law、 individualism、cosmopolitism and equal conception is one of the main sources of western political culture,we should take the ideological heritage seriously.

At the same time he started developing the cosmopolitism and enlightenment,which gradually takes up the leading station in Lu-Xun s thought.

Chinese civilization has had the tradition of cosmopolitism ever since the ancient times.

Cosmopolitanism pays not only attention to universal ethic meaning,but also difference thought meaning,in this sense,cosmopolitanism is a cultural cosmopolitanism.

The thinking logic of cosmopolitanism demonstrates that the race is no longer a term to discriminate "us" from "others",and that an absolute exclusiveness is no longer predisposed.

The Secularism and Secularization in the Arab World;

People worried whether BJP will departure the secularism and pursue radical Hindu Nationalism.

After the partition of subcontinent,identity of Indian Muslims goes through three phases: approving politics of secularism,raising awareness of Muslim institutions and religions.