1) penalty for electricity charges
电费违约金
1.
Misunderstanding and correcting of penalty for electricity charges;
电费违约金的误解与辨正
2) fine for breach of contract
违约金
1.
There are always many controversies over the nature of fine for breach of contract and in China, the system of fine for contractual breach has undergone different stages from statutory fine to agreed fine.
违约金是合同法违约责任中的重要制度安排,违约金问题既具有一定理论价值,又具有明显的实践意义。
2.
Theoretic basis for cumulative interest exiting as fine for breach of contract does not exist,so the credit card late fee is alienated from fine for breach of contract to the institution of plundering the people\'s wealth by taking advantage of the function of "enforcing to execute".
具有违约金性质的信用卡复利由于没有存在的理论基础,所以本应该是违约金的信用卡滞纳金却利用行政法上滞纳金"督促履行"的功能而异化为剥夺普通民众财富的制度装置,对此,《合同法》与《贷款通则》却没有规定逾期贷款罚息的上限,《反垄断法》也因其笼统的责任规范无法根治高额的信用卡滞纳金,因而,作为"过渡性杂种"的信用卡滞纳金有赖于信用卡市场的进一步完善,从而纯化为合同法意义上的违约金。
3) default penalty
违约金
1.
Charging default penalty is neither an international practice,nor an effective way of risk compensation.
从现代金融和风险管理角度看,住房抵押贷款提前还贷对商业银行是一种期权性风险,对其收取违约金并非国际惯例,也并不是有效的风险补偿方式。
2.
And the manufacturer should introduce default penalty in order to constrain the behavior of retailer, and then a calculating formula of default penalty is presented between one manufacturer and one retailer fo.
当分销商采取“灵活订购”的策略时，鉴于未来需求的不确定性，制造商也必须做出自己的最优生产决策，并且应当在订购合同中引进违约金以约束分销商的行为。
3.
The paper,giving theoretical explanation to the nature,amount adjustment and procedure of adjustment of the default penalty stipiplated in Article No.
就合同法第114条规定的违约违约金性质、违约金数额的调整以及调整的程序等问题进行学理解释,认为:对合同法第114条第2款和第3款应分别进行定性才是科学合理的,对赔偿性违约金和惩罚性违约金的数额调整应区别对待,当事人请求是启动违约金数额调整程序的前提,请求违约金调整的当事人应负举证责任。
4) fraud rent
违约租金
1.
It demonstrates incomplete contract by combining fraud rent and game model to analyze the process of contract - enforcing.
从契约的不完全性着手,运用违约租金的概念与博弈模型从交易特征、市场完善程度和企业规模等方面对履约过程进行了分析,指出不完全契约的履行主要依靠交易者的自我履约机制,该机制的作用机理是信誉贬值能够影响交易者的长期利益得失。
5) Penalty
[英]['penəlti] [美]['pɛnḷtɪ]
违约金
1.
The Understanding and Application of Some Basic Problems on Penalty——Concurrently Discuss on the Regulations of Penalty, Art. 114 in Contract Law;
违约金基本问题的理解和适用——兼论《合同法》第114条违约金之规定
2.
Pursuant to the demand of the economics development,and in purpose to keep balance between the protection of the freedom of the labor and the protection of the property right of the employing units,the Labor Contract Law of the People s Republic of China makes use of a legislation method,which,with exceptions,generally prohibits the conclusion of the clauses about the labor s penalty.
《劳动合同法》采取了劳动合同中劳动者违约金约定的一般禁止特殊例外的立法技术,在保障劳动者自由权的前提下,依据经济发展需求,适当保护用人单位财产权,以予平衡。
3.
Therefore in fact the "fine" in libraries rules is "penalty".
在我国,罚款的主体是国家机关,图书馆不能成为罚款的主体,图书馆与读者之间形成的是合同关系,因此,图书馆有关规章制度中的“罚款”的性质是“违约金”。
6) Liquidated Damages
违约金
1.
The compensatory and punitive liquidated damages is defined by China Contract Law.
我国《合同法》承认违约金具有补偿性和惩罚性,但并未明确规定在何种情况下为补偿性违约金,何种情况下为惩罚性违约金,而不同性质的违约金其责任适用亦不同。
2.
By means of contrasting the common law and statute law,the concept,feature and character of the liquidated damages are discussed by the paper.
本文根据实例探讨了误期损害赔偿金法律涵义 ,结合大陆法系和英美法系的对比 ,论述了违约金的概念和特征、违约金的性质、违约金和罚金的区别。
补充资料：违约金
| 违约金 penalbond 债权人或债务人完全不履行或不适当履行债务时，必须按约定给付他方的一定数额的金钱。违约金是债的担保的一种，也是对违约的一种经济制裁。违约金的设立，是为了保证债的履行，即使对方没有遭受任何财产损失，也要按法律或合同的规定给付违约金。违约金的标准依法定或双方在合同中书面约定。违约金有两种：①惩罚性违约金，其作用全在惩罚，如果对方因违约而遭受财产损失，则违约一方除支付违约金外，还应另行赔偿对方的损失。②补偿性违约金，是对合同一方当事人因他方违约可能遭受的财产损失的一种预先估计，给付了违约金，即免除了违约一方赔偿对方所遭受的财产损失的责任；即使损失大于违约金，亦不再补偿。《中华人民共和国经济合同法》第35条规定：“当事人一方违反经济合同时，应向对方支付违约金。如果由于违约已给对方造成的损失超过违约金，还应进行赔偿，补偿违约金不足的部分。” |
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。
参考词条