The principle of "substantial equivalence" and the safety of GMF;

In these controversies,there are four hot issues,which are,"non?target organisms harmed","concept of substantial equivalence","need transgenic foods carry a label?"and "preventive principle".

Although there are some limitations,the principle of substantial equivalence is widely applied in the assessment of novel food derived from transgenic orga nisms.

The Introduction Benefit of Foreign Patent Infringement Determination Doctrine of Equivalents for Our Country;

The Applying and Limit of Doctrine of Equivalents in the Affirmation of Patent Infringement;

Analysis of Limitations of the Doctrine of Equivalents in Patent Infringement;

Despite the most important role of the Doctrine of Equivalent, it is not easy to apply it in justice practice, because of its own characteristic of uncertainty and subjectivity.

As an indispensible compliment to the literal infringement, the doctrine of equivalent disciplines the offender’s covert action, which makes minor replacement of the technology characteristic of the patent.

Doctrine of Equivalent is the concrete utilization of the fair principle in civil law.

In this paper,the history of Origin of Doctrine of equivalent and restrictions on the same principle are discussed,combining with the typical case analysis about the applies of the Doctrine of equivalent,in order tO be able to present the same principles of our country\'s development and improvement to make some suggestions.

Patent prosecution history estoppel derived from the concept of waiver has no direct connection in limiting the application of the doctrine of equivalent naturally.