1.
The cultural background of Beowulf is tribal life in ancient Denmark and Sweden.
此诗的文化背景是古代丹麦和瑞典的氏族部落生活。
2.
The whole gens was incorporated within the phratry, and the whole phratry within the tribe;
氏族整个包括在胞族内，胞族整个包括在部落内；
3.
A group of related persons, as a clan or tribe.
种族有亲戚关系的一群人，如氏族或部落
4.
The gentes had disappeared only in some tribes, as among the Dakotas;
仅在某几个部落如达科塔人的部落，氏族才衰落下去了；
5.
With respect to the number of gentes in a tribe, the more numerous the people the greater, usually, the number of gentes.
至于每个部落中的氏族数目，通常也是人口数愈大则氏族愈多。
6.
As the classic form of this original gens, Morgan takes the gens among the Iroquois, and especially in the Seneca tribe.
摩尔根举出易洛魁人的氏族，特别是塞讷卡部落的氏族，作为这种原始氏族的古典形式。
7.
Three gentes, the oldest, still had their living representatives in all five tribes, and another three in three tribes;
有三个氏族──最老的──在五个部落中都还存在着，另外有三个氏族在三个部落中都还存在着；
8.
Originally tribes exchanged with tribe through the respective chiefs of the gentes;
起初是部落和部落之间通过各自的氏族首长来进行交换；
9.
A division of the tribe or of the gens into different classes was equally impossible.
同样，部落和氏族分为不同的阶级也是不可能的。
10.
The tribe is now grouped in several gentes, generally two.
一个部落分为几个氏族，通常是分为两个；
11.
In Attica there were four tribes, each consisting of three phratries, each phratry numbering thirty gentes.
在阿提卡，共有四个部落，每个部落有三个胞族，每个胞族有三十个氏族。
12.
The gens can adopt strangers and thereby admit them into the whole tribe.
氏族可以收养外人入族，并用这个办法吸收他们为整个部落的成员。
13.
In his new constitution, Cleisthenes ignored the four old tribes founded on gentes and phratries.
克利斯提尼的新制度撇开了以氏族和胞族为基础的四个旧部落。
14.
The tribe itself breaks up into several tribes, in each of which we find again, for the most part, the old gentes.
部落本身分裂成几个部落，在其中的每一个部落中，我们多半又可以遇到那些老氏族；
15.
for since marriage was prohibited within the gens, there had to be at least two gentes in any tribe to enable it to exist independently.
因为在氏族内部禁止通婚的情况下，每个部落必须至少包括两个氏族才能独立存在。
16.
they already subsist partially on gifts of cattle, corn, etc., from the members of the tribe;
氏族酋长已经部分地靠部落成员的献礼如家畜、谷物等来生活；
17.
Tribes with gentile constitution were thus bound to gain supremacy over more backward tribes, or else to carry them along by their example.
这样，实行氏族制度的部落便必然会对落后的部落取得上风，或者带动它们来仿效自己。
18.
Primitive religion is a super-stratum construction of a clannish society as well as a concomitant of a tribal society(Primitive clan).
原始宗教是原始氏族———部落制社会的伴生物,是氏族制社会的上层建筑。