While the state-owned studios have been faced with the dire reality of financial and ideological constraints exacerbated by the top-down institutional reforms of the mid-decade,there has emerged both within and outside of the studio walls an alternative or "minor cinema".

On the other hand, a coexistence pattern of three movie forms-theme movies, popular movies and artistic movies-has been established, and the three movie forms have developed their respective characteristics.

Chinese Films during 1930-40 and Their Audiences-An account for the relationship between film and audience;