This paper presents a comparative study on the two ways of the equivalent modeling of the wind farm,namely the traditional method and the one based upon the operation data.

By taking the bending stiffness of cables into consideration,the active optimal control force along axial direction is derived by means of the equivalent modal method and the Hamilton principle.

For creep strain of concrete strain measured in field in construction monitoring of long-span concrete bridges, the creep strain is calculated using equivalent elastic modulus method based on concrete age adjustment.

Based on the perturbation theory,a technique named equivalent field matching method (EFMM)is presented for analyzing the coupling characteristics of spatial X-crossing waveguides.