Objective To compare the effects of kidney calcium oxalate calculus resistant acidophilus milk (KCOCRAM) versus commercially available acidophilus milk (CAAM) on urinary oxalate excretion in rats.

Aiming at the pretreatment technologies presently widely used in the world and their development trend,the article analyzes and discusses the pretreatment system on the basis of engineering practice from three aspects of antiscaling,prevention of choking from colloids and particles,and anti biocontamination.