Having freed themselves from the main current of paying attention to organic chemistry,leaders of the Leipzig school Wilhelm Ostwald, Jacobus Hendricus Van't Hoff and Svante Arrhenius studied chemical reaction by physics theories and methods.

The formation of the Chinese Islamic school has its complicated socio-cultural backgrounds,in which the movement of "interpreting Islamic philosophy and thoughts with Confucianism" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,the "Confucianism-orientation" of Yunnan Islamic school and its role in the dialogue between Islam and Confucianism have played a part.

SOUTH CHANGJIANG SECT: Pioneer in Market Economy;

The Advocacy of “Chant or Sing to Oneself” by the School of Mind in Southern Song Dynasty;