Research on river crossing leveling based on precise trigonometric leveling;

When completed river crossing leveling by means of trigonometric leveling with distance measurement, there are two types of observed values.

the experiment programme of trigonometrical leveling by river cross-ing electromagnetic distance measuremei1t is presented and using trigonometrical leveling by elec-tromagnetic distance measurement in place of river crossing leveling isdiscussed in theory and ex-periment,then a conclusion valuable for reference is give

When the level route needs to cross over a large water surface or awide gorge,but because the sight goesbeyond the length of traditional level or the distance between foresight and backsight is big,it must adopt river-crossing leveling method so as to pass the height on this bank to the other bank with the appointed precision,which is very difficult in the vertical control survey.

Based on Large Bridge Construnction and Specialty of river-crossing leveling,Total Station Instrument was applied to trigonometric leveling with distant measure river-crossing leveling,and leveling network was adjusted.

This paper introduced the field selection,field planning,vane production,observation methods,and record format of river-crossing leveling in detail.

Second-class sea-crossing leveling put into practice in Xiamen Haicang bridge;

This paper discusses briefly the necessity and its relational concept that GPS height measurement is applied in mountain-crossing leveling, the surveying precision of mountain-crossing leveling is analyzed through application practice of a survey area, and sums up available the method of operation.