However, it is one of the topics worthy of study that how the results of GPS survey that is based on the normal line can be converted to be compatible with the traverse survey inside tunnels that is based on the plumb line, so as to minimize the influence of the plumb line deflection on the transverse break-through accuracy of tunnels.

WT5BZ]In this paper, the plumb line deflection varied with time (PLV) are calculated with the Vening Meinesz formula for Xiaguan and Beijing point based on the 28th and 39th campaigns of gravimetry at the local gravity networks in the Western Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Experiment Area and the North China.

During the submarine-launching missile test,the plumb line deviation of launch point is very difficult to measure exactly.

In order to analyze the influence of plumb line deviation of launching point on target solution result,the formula for point-by-point multi-station crossing was deduced by the least squares estimate aiming at continuous wave radar measurement system.

Influence of meridian constringent angle and deflection of the vertical on result of gyro azimuth measurement;

The author of this treatise puts forward the theory and method of determining the height anomaly and evaluating GPS network normal height by combining GPS level with zenith distance observation (calculating the deflection of the vertical).

Study on ocean vertical deflection of ENVISAT satellite altimetry along-track geoid gradient;

First,GPS leveling is used to fit local quasi geoid of both sides of obstacle and then vertical deflections are determined, which belong to WGS-84.

In this paper,a new method based on vertical deflection is used to solve the question,in which GPS leveling is used to determine surface deflections on each side of obstacle separately, afterwards surface deflections used to compute height anomaly difference between both sides of a river.