This study was to explore whether the nature of stimulus type influences the processes in visual working memory updating and whether the manipulation and maintenance components in updating can be differentiated experimentally.

The aim of this study is to identify the roles of central executive and slavery systems in the verbal and visuo-spatial working memory updating task, by changing the number of items updated at one time to control the load on central executive.

It spread the ideas of patriotism and reformation for the purpose of the enlightenment of the people while helping the people and children in the lower society learn and use Chinese characters in an effective way.