Zhang Zhidong s thoughts of developing commerce included such contents as attaching importance to the status and function of commerce, claiming government encouraging trade to open ethos ,turning on wisdom of commerce to promote business affairs, organizing framework to direct business affairs, drawing laws of commerce to standardize trade movement.

In the late ten years of its rule, Qing government devoted itself to vitalizing technology and craft" in order to create re - employment opportunities for the jobless, so that the social crisis resulting from the vagrants could be solved.

The stimulative mechanism which covers the revitalization of the old industrial base and the construction of the new socialist countryside is the interaction of industry and agriculture on the whole.