Combination of scholars and bureaucracy: the establishment of the scholar-officer s civilian polity in the Song Dynasty;

In the light of Chinese traditional agricultural culture,scholar culture,religion and folklore factors,the background of Chinese plant culture was analyzed.

Yu Yingshi s Research about the Culture of Shi in the Pre-Qin Time and Its Renaissance;

Shi Ji(Historical Records) is noted for its"Wonder-advocating",a characteristic which is deeply-seated in such factors as the author Sima Qian s Confucian misery consciousness,immersion in folk narrative literature,understanding and pursuit of the "intellectuals",belief in destiny,etc.

Through the analysis of the relationship between the intellectuals of late Ming dynasty and science of that time, through the comparison of the late Ming society with the social condition in which modern science grew, this article concludes that it would be difficult for the late Ming society to go out of the Middle Ages.

On Comparison of the Cultural Personality of Scholars in the Spring & Autumn Period and the War Period;

During the periods of Spring & Autumn and the Warring States when society was changing from the slave system to the feudal system,"scholars"played important roles in politics and economy,in military and diplomatic activities,gradually took the place of the witch\|historiographers and became the main body conducting propagation of the time.