The retarded factors forming the current position are represented in three analyzed dimensions such as source of reason, nature of weight and rate of displacement.

Research advances on inertia weight in particle swarm optimization;

Modified particle swarm optimizer using non-linear inertia weight;

Particle swarm optimization with self-adaptive stochastic inertia weight;

After introduction of the conventional multi-objective fuzzy optimal-selection model and the improved model based on the effective coefficient, the concept of superior weight was put forward, and a corresponding model was developed.

Based on 8 main characters from surveyed plus trees in natural seedling stand of Quercus mongolica in the middle east of Jilin province, comprehensive grading criteria and minimal mark for selected trees were formulated by character weight.

The attribute weight and weighted support of default regular are defined by using the conditional entropy and a mining algorithm of default regulars are given for inconsistent database.

With respect to the problem of multiple attribute decision-making with incomplete information on attribute weights to which the attribute values are given in terms of interval numbers, a modified TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) analysis is proposed.

With regard to the problem of determining attribute weights in uncertain multiple attribute decision making, in which the attribute values are in form of interval number, a new method is proposed to determine interval entropy weights.