The German essential attempt by actively promoting the establishment of the Austro-German Customs Union was preparing advantageous conditions for her political expansion and hegemony in South-east Europe.

Bismark s Diplomatic Techniques and the Austro-German Alliance;

Different from the existent summarizing papers on customs union,the author discusses the western viewpoints on the trade effect of customs unions from three logically connected aspects:first,the interest source of customs union;second,the reasons for the formation of customs union;and third,the determination of optimal external tariffs.

The Impact of EU s Eastern Enlargement on Trade Between China and the EU——Based on the Analysis of The Trade Effect of Customs Unions;

As a significant phase of regional economy integration, CU(Custom Union Substantially abolishes all tariff barriers and other restrictions to trade between member states, although CU doesn't realize the maximum welfare, it does enhance the welfare level of the whole Custom Union area.