The authors analyze the impacts of perturbations of different physical variable fields on the precipitation forecast, the error growth of physical variables, and the perturbation energy growth.

Analyses of error evolution and growth indicate that the error growth possessed an upscale character;the error increased at first in the upper and lower troposphere and the large value areas of errors extended towards the middle troposphere;the error growth mainly resulted from wet processes in the lower-middle troposphere,but from dry as well as wet processes in the upper troposphere.

Channel mismatches errors include offset error,gain error and time error.

To remove the offset error and the gain error in the data acquisition system (DAS) and satisfy the accuracy and real-time requirements of the system, a FPGA-based self-calibration method for data acquisition is presented.

Because mismatches,such as offset error,gain error as well as time-skew error,may degrade SINAD(signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio) of the time-intetrleaved ADC(TIADC) system,an explicit analysis of such three channel mismatch effects in the time-interleaved ADC system based on the filter-bank method was presented.

A model reference adaptive system(MRAS) controller was designed for airborne variable pressure hydraulic power system based on augmented error stability theory,and the bad effect of inaccurate system parameter evaluation without parameter online measurement on system s steady or dynamics performance was reduced.