Based on sufficient historical data,this paper,from the perspectives of the Japanese diplomatic envoys,gives a detailed account of such social realities in shanghai after the Second Opium War as refugee rushes,Opium desasters and foreign religion preachmen

After analysing the social requirements to sea technology and devices in the view of setting up ocean observing system and sea resources development,six items of suggestion are offered in respects of developing high-tech marine observation,strengthening the fundamental study both in technical art and sensors,enhancing co-oporation and taking part in the competition on the world market.

The paper takes the evolution o f Chinese attitudes towards western learning as the his-torical background in w hich the Book is set,and analyses Zhang s attitudes towards western material culture,system culture and spiritual c ulture,thus delineating the sources of Zhang s thoughts on the two learning with o.