The fundamentals of the variational adjoint method are introduced briefly, and then we derive the adjoint model systems from the continuous and discrete forms of the forward model equation respectively.

The article treats the resistance as a parameter to be system identificated,then presents a algorithm simulation for three phase uncontrollable rectifying circuit of the brushless excitation system based on the generalized Newton Raphson iterative model from diode and discretization adjoint model of energy storage component after estimating armature inductance.

This paper discusses how to develop adjoint model(ADM) and tangent linear model(TLM) of the parallel model based on shallow water equation.

An adjoint model(MAMS1) of mesoscale model in NCAR which is a regional mesoscale one is introduced and the equations used in the variational data assimilation are based on the nonlinear primitive equations.

By using a nonhydrostatic version of the Fifth\|Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its adjoint model, three sets of four\|dimensional variational data assimilation experiments for the Meiyu front rainstorm from 23 to 24 June 1999 are performed according to different assimilation data and different assimilation windows.

In this paper, the MM5 adjoint-model that is based on variational method with adjoint codes technique as the core is introduced, on the basis of which, conventional observation data and unconventional observation data is applied into this Assimilation System for the purpose of assimilation research.