It was awarded for the discovery of the blackbody spectrum and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which strongly supports the big bang theory of cosmology.

The nature of this system is completely different from the one of an equilibrium state of photons, which is just the cosmic microwave background radiation observed.

Recent advances in this area are reviewed, but due to length limits only selected topics are covered, including dark matter and relic particles, neutrino astronomy, γ astronomy, cosmic rays, cosmic microwave background and inflation, and the early universe.

The average of the metric of Karolyhazy hazy space time should correspond to the cosmic gravitational radiation background.

Anisotropy and polarization of the microwave background radiation, and the reionization of the universe;