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1)  Messerschmidia sibirica
砂引草
1.
Correlation between the morphological structure of salt gland and salt secretion in Messerschmidia sibirica Linn.;
砂引草泌盐腺的结构与泌盐的关系
2)  sand burrs
带砂草籽
3)  flow guiding sand
引流砂
1.
In order to solve the problem of low automatic pouring rate of the sliding gate of ladle in continuous casting 82B steel billets the present paper analyzes the effects of quality of the flow guiding sand,its feeding pattern and clearance of the gate on the automatic pouring rate in continuously casing 82B steel and accordingly puts forward appropriate solutions to the problem.
为了解决武钢方坯连铸机浇铸82B钢钢包滑动水口自开率低的问题,分析了引流砂质量、引流砂加入方式和水口清理对浇铸82B钢自动开浇率的影响。
2.
The influence of automatic casting ratio of ladle on purity of molten steel for thin slab is introduced,various factors to affect the ratio are analyzed: quality of flow guiding sand,method to add in the sand,condition of upper nozzle and stay time of molten steel in ladle.
介绍了钢包自动开浇率对薄板坯钢水纯净度的影响及影响钢包自动开浇率的各种因素,分析了引流砂质量、引流砂加入方式、上水口情况及钢水在钢包中停留时间对钢包自动开浇率的影响。
4)  stuffing sand
引流砂
1.
According to the result of our experiments,silica sands added with 4wt% graphite powders has excellent fluidity,and the right amount of silica mixed with chromite and graphite powders can improve the flowability and sintering performance of the stuffing sands.
结果表明,石英砂加4%石墨混合物的流动性好;一定量的石英砂、铬铁矿、石墨的混合物可以提高材料的流动性能和获得恰当的烧结性能;加入钾长石粉优化了引流砂的烧结性能和热膨胀性能。
2.
Aiming at the six accidents of non automatic start-casting and casting break,the author investigates and analyzes the causes from aspects of stuffing sand selection,nozzle clean-ing and sand-filling operation,the tapping,de-oxidation and alloying,track time and so on and takes improvement measures on the existing problems.
针对6次钢包不自开造成连铸断浇事故,从引流砂的选用、水口清洗和加砂操作、出钢及脱氧合金化、传搁时间等方面,查找和分析钢包不自开的原因,对各环节存在的问题采取改进措施,减少和避免了断浇事故,是钢包自动开浇率由98。
5)  sand priming
砂引发
1.
Four buckwheat varieties,Anhui sweet buckwheat-1,Anhui sweet buckwheat-2,Qinghai sweet buckwheat,Qinghai bitter buckwheat were selected as materials to study the effect of sand priming with different water contents on their germination and seed vigor,there are four treatments in every variety.
结果表明,适宜的砂引发处理能不同程度地提高荞麦种子的活力,砂引发基质的适宜含水量安徽甜荞-1、安徽甜荞-2和青海甜荞均为5。
2.
Two sweet corn varieties (Wanyu 10, Antian 3) were selected as materials to study the effect of sand priming with different water contents to their germination and seed vigor.
结果表明,各种砂引发处理均能明显提高甜玉米种子幼苗生长测定的发芽势、芽长、苗鲜重、苗干重、发芽指数和活力指数,明显减少种子的平均发芽日数,同时,明显提高低温处理试验的芽鲜重、芽干重和简化活力指数。
6)  inducing of turfgrass
引种草坪草
补充资料:油井防砂和清砂
      对疏松油层进行层内胶固,在井筒内下筛管防止油层砂进入井内,以保证油井、注水井的正常生产,称防砂。
  
  防砂 胶结疏松的砂岩颗粒随油、水进入井筒或携带至地面,会冲蚀、磨损、堵塞深井泵和管线以及地面设备,或沉积于井底,堵塞油层,使油井减产或停产;甚至油层坍塌,挤毁套管,导致油井大修或报废。采油时应根据生产动态、砂样分析及声波测井等资料,及时了解出砂原因、层位及性质,采取有效的防砂措施。防砂措施有筛管滤网和化学胶固两类,前者适用于各种完井方式,应用较广,后者主要用在套管射孔完成的井。通过试油、试采已证实出砂的油层,应考虑防砂完井。
  
  筛管滤网防砂 也称机械防砂,将多缝筛管固定在带孔的钢管上,下至出砂层段并用携砂液将一定粒径的砂粒循环填充于筛管外,靠管外砂粒所形成的桥拱,滤阻油层出砂。对油层单一、无水、气夹层的井,可采用先期防砂。即油层部分用扩眼钻头扩眼后,再下入筛管填砂(见图)。对多层合采或有水、气夹层的井,用射孔完井。清洗套管和炮眼后,再在套管内下筛管填砂。筛管的结构,从割缝到外包金属网或预填砾石,发展到用有机或无机材料预制滤管。目前多用梯形截面的不锈钢丝点焊成强度高、渗滤面大、耐腐蚀的金属绕丝滤管。此法要求根据砂样粒度分析资料,选定筛管缝宽及填入砂粒的直径。
  
  
  化学防砂 向出砂油层注入一定量的化学胶结剂,将油层砂子胶固在一起。常用的胶结剂有树脂类(如酚醛树脂、环氧树脂等),有时也用水泥类材料。要求胶结剂在固结时体积收缩,或加入增孔剂,造成一定的渗透性,以尽量减少对产量的影响。对已经大量出砂的油层,用下列方法形成有渗透性的人工井壁:①将砂与胶结剂按比例混合后,挤入地层;②预先向出砂层填砂,再将原料如甲醛和苯酚以及固化剂按序挤入地层,在地层条件下合成树脂;③石英砂外包一层树脂,在未完全固化前挤入地层,在油层温度条件下固化;④用N2作载体把SiCl4蒸气引入油层,使之分解,析出的Si对疏松砂子起胶结作用。化学防砂的优点是可用于同井多油层防砂,不缩小井眼;缺点是成本较高,易降低出砂层的生产能力,对于油井先期防砂或注水井防砂,效果较好。
  
  清砂 清除井底沉砂,一般下入油管,用洗井液循环冲洗,带出地面。炮眼内积砂,用专门的洗井封隔器分段冲洗。井下深井泵等设备内的积砂,须将设备起出地面,检查清理。
  
  

参考书目
   T. O. Allen & A.P.Roberts, Production Opera- tions,Vol.2,2nd ed.,Oil & Gas Consultants Inter-national,Tulsa,1982.
  

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