A novel general-purpose low-voltage rail-to-rail CMOS(complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor)operational amplifier(op-amp)is introduced,which obtains constant transconductance,slew rate and constant high gain over the entire input common mode voltage range.

The rail is a potential or real rule and criterion through which the society functioning can be maintenanced and one can be acquiesced,accepted and admissed by the groups of society.

Research and development of new mine narrow railway sleeper;

Experimental study on the horizontal crack in rail-web by fatigue precracking on MTS TestStar four column load frame fatigue machine is introduced.