Through extensive collecting, behavioral observation and test of obstructing fig wasps from entering figs, the community structure of fig wasps, the reproductive strategies of non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) and the effects of non-pollinating fig wasps on the fig-wasp mutualism of Ficus cyrtophylla, an understory fig species in the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna, were studied.

In order to perfect the firm symbiosis theory and stabilize the firm symbiosis relationship,with the theory of biocenosis and differential stability, this paper analyzes the composition of firm symbiosis system,divides the types of firm symbiosis,establishes the models of symmetric symbiosis and non-symmetric symbiosis and analyzes the stability of these two models.

The scope and the border of symbiotic system have been identified.

Behavior and the time of being active of internal ovipositing fig wasps in female floral phase

Through extensive collecting, behavioral observation and test of obstructing fig wasps from entering figs, the community structure of fig wasps, the reproductive strategies of non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) and the effects of non-pollinating fig wasps on the fig-wasp mutualism of Ficus cyrtophylla, an understory fig species in the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna, were studied.

Fig/fig pollinator mutualistic systems are exploited by non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFWs).

Reproductive strategy and impact on the fig–pollinator mutualism of one non-pollinating fig wasp species

The fig wasp community in the syconia of Ficus altissima is most diverse among all the known fig wasp communities in China.

This paper presents for the first time information on the reproductive ecology of two dioecious fig species, mainly on their phenology, the reproductive behaviors of associated fig wasps and ecology.