In the construction of underwater abutments of Beidou Bridge at Panyu, no concrete bedding was applied, instead sleeve pipes were built at steel protection of pile to stop water, and such steel protecting boxes were applied for bottom formwork of abutments, which has been proved successful.

Study on coaction of subsealing concrete and steel pipe pile for large steel suspension-box cofferdam;

Research on the bond stress between steel cofferdam subsealing concrete and the steel pipe of pile foundation

This paper introduces a method to dispose deflection hole - concrete sealing bottom method.

Underwater bottom concrete construction technique for bearing platform in Shanghai Yangtze River bridge foundation engineering