1—2003 specify that handheld appliances which are normally operated without an earth connection need to measure with artificial hand.

Methods The percutaneous and transpedical interbody bone grafting apparatus was designed with CAD software,and the reduction effect,range of bone grafting and surgical complications of the apparatus were investigated in adult cadaveric thoracolumbar body and with computerized surgical simulation.

Objective: Instauration the Computer 3D interactive model of CDH (Congenital Dislocation Hip) and osteotom for surgical simulation about osteotomy.

and then computer-aided simulated operations were taken on the mastoid process of cranial bone.

Operation-oriented Interaction of Surgery Simulation;