The key problem in the numerical simulation is how to transform the given peening parameters into the equivalent nodal forces, which is solved by the equivalent deformation method proposed by the author.

In this paper, a method of determination of equivalent suction based on the principle of equivalence of deformation and the stress-strain curves obtained by triaxial compression tests of intact saturated and unsaturated loess is proposed.

The effect of welding temperature on equivalent plastic compressive deformation of solid - state welding;

To overcome the limitations, the paper combines the criterion of fracture mechanics with the criterion of strength theory, presents a model of equivalent fracture distortion and, based on the model, derives the stress-strain relationship of the concrete with cracks.

A layer merged and heterogeneous element method,using homogeneous model and equivalent deformation model,is developed based on the layer merged algorithm and heterogeneous element method.