Based on the analysis on the lifetime and reliability of spacecraft in orbit, a new concept of basic mission lifetime of spacecraft is proposed, and its applications to lifetime prediction and reliability evaluation of spacecraft in orbit are discussed.

On Orbit Lifetime of GTO Debris;

In view of the characteristics that the economic strength is fairly small,the running speed of trains is fairly low and the track conditions are fairly bad in developing countries,measures to increase wheel/rail life are described,such as the application of the worn profile wheel tread,the resilient rail pad,reasonable wheel rail matching and wheel flange lubricating technology.