These caged hydrocarbons with high energy and high density have been synthesized to be used as high energy fuels or fuel additives, with the expectation that their inclusion in the fuel mixture will result in a net increase in volumetric combustion value of the current generation of power-plants.

The advantage and disadvantage, and development forecast of many potential fuels including multi-cyclic hydrocarbons, highly strained caged hydrocarbons and nano-additives are evaluated from the point view of feedstock availability, synthetic route, application properties, etc.

Anti-staining of cage-like fluorine-carbon polymer;