Based on the conception of simple stoichiometric reaction, a two-tier optimization method for complex reaction path synthesis problems is addressed.

To avoid the above disadvantage,a two-level optimization algorithm was proposed according to the characters of the reactor network model based on continuous stirred-tank reactors(CSTR).

This paper studies a problem in cutting rectangle materials, which often occurs in industry and involves the bi-level optimization of two-dimensional layout.

It is analyzed how the location and output of distributed generators affect the penetrating level,and a bi-level optimization model is presented to accommodate this effect.

We analyze how the location of distributed generators affects penetration level,and suggest a bi-level optimization model to accommodate this effect.

According to the operation characteristics of Mianhuatan Hydropower Station\'s generating units,many patterns of the optimum load distribution,such as assigning working units and assigning number of working units,are implemented by using the double-layer progressive optimization algorithm.

According to thecharacteristic of MIS and with his experience in software-developing,the authorintrodued a super-grading method which fits middle and small software development.