Using moving window display technique and recognition probes technique, two experiments examined whether the lapses of time adverbs or adverbials are sufficient to time shifts in narratives and thus tested the scenarios model by Anderson and strong iconicity assumption by Zwaan.

This thesis, based on the study of the distance between India image in A Passage to India and that in collective imagination, delves into how Foster s India image inherits and subverts that of the British collective imagination.